High efficiency resonant circuit



July 27, 1948.

W. W. HANSEN HIGH EFFICIENCY RESONANT CIRCUIT 3 Sheets-Shea 1 Original Filed July 27. 1936 FIG] FIG.3

July 27, 1948. w. w. HANSEN Re. 23,019

HIGH EFFICIENCY RESONANT CIRCUIT Original Filed July 27, 1936 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIGS INVENTOR WILLIAM W. HAN SEN.

a ATTORNEY July 27, 1948. w. w. HANSEN 23,019

HIGH EFFICIENCY RESONANT CIRCUIT Original Filed July 27, 193s s Sheets-Sheet s l 1 FIG. l0 I 50 go Y9 so INVENTOR WILLIAM w. HANSEN BYWAM ATTORNEY Reissued July 27, 1948 23,019 HIGH EFFICIENCY RESONANT CIRCUIT William W. Hansen, Garden City, N. Y., assignor to The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford University, Calif., a corporation of California Original No. 2,251,569, dated August 5, 1941, Se-

rial No. 249,194, January 4, 1939, which is a division of Serial No. 92,787, July 27, 1936. Application for reissue May 11, 1942, Serial No.

the velocity of the electrons.

- Still another object of the present invention is to provide means for passing electrons a plurality of times through a cavity resonator, each successive passage of the electrons serving to further enhance the desired velocity change in the electrons, thereby sinusoidally altering the velocity of the electrons at high frequency while in flight and effectively accelerating the electrons to high velocities.

Still another object of this invention is to provide a novel means and method for converting a direct current or low frequency current at relatively low voltage to high frequency oscillating currents of high voltage resonant within a hollow resonator and passing electrons through the field of said resonator to accelerate the electrons to high velocities as for use in the production of penetrating X-rays.

Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent as the description proceeds.

This application is a division of my copending application, Serial No. 92,787, filed July 27, 1936, Patent No. 2,190,712, dated February 29, 1940, for High efficiency resonant circuit.

Briefly as to apparatus, my invention comprises a closed conducting shell constituting the inductance and capacitance of a resonant circuit, with one or more generators mounted preferably within the shell connected to energize the circuit.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a partially sectional view of one type of resonator.

Fig. 2 is a sectional view taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of Figs. 1 and 2.

Fig. 4 shows schematically and graphically the distribution of potential and magnetic lines of force in a spherical embodiment of resonator.

Fig. 5 shows relations similar to those of Fig. 4

for an alternative mode of oscillation.

Fig. 6 shows relations similar to those of Figs. 4 and 5 for a cylindrical structure.

Fig. '7 shows relations similar to those of Fig. 6 for an alternative mode of oscillation.

Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternative arrangement of the oscillating resonant circuit of Figs. 1 to 3.

Fig. 9 is a schematic circuit diagram of my resonant oscillator.

Fig. 10 illustrates schematically the use of any resonant oscillator to produce electrons of extremely high velocities.

Fig. 11 is a schematic section taken along line ll-ll of Fig. 10.

Fig. 12 illustrates schematically the use of my resonant oscillator for the production of X-rays.

The production of electromagnetic oscillations of the order of one meter or less in wave length is difiicult owing to the increased capacitive and inductive interaction between various circuit leads and elements, the increased effective resistance of the conductors, and a tendency to parasitic radiation from leads and inductances as the wave length is reduced to the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of various circuit elements.

Proper shielding and arrangement of parts can overcome in part the inter-lead reactions, but if it is desired to operate several tubes in parallel to secure greater output, these effects are complicated by the additional physical handicaps in spacing and arranging the parts, and offer a serious obstacle to satisfactory operation.

The increase in the effective resistance is due to the unsymmetrical distribution of current in the conductors and inductances. The higher the frequency, the greater the tendency of the current to travel on the surface of the conductors and to crowd to the outer side of inductance windings; consequently the amount of conducting material actually serving is reduced and the effective resistance increased. There is a limit to the gain that may be made by using conductors of larger size, set by the physical limitations of the circuit and the frequencies which are to be produced.

These obstacles and the tendency toward parasitic radiations may be overcome, however, by utilizing the type of resonant circuit hereinafter described, wherein more stable operation is secured by eliminating the inter-lead reactions, and high efficiency is obtained by eliminating parasitic radiation and securing an even distribution of current through a large conducting path.

The operation of my invention may be better understood by reference to the drawings.

In Fig. 1, I have shown a sectional view of a hollow resonator claimed in my Patent No. 2,190,- 712, wherein a cylindrical shell l, of copper or other material of high conductivity, is closed by end plates-2, and 4,,of similanmateriahfixed to the cylindrical shell I by bolts;;5,- or equivalent means. Within the shell I, a cathode plate 6, of diameter substantially less than that of said shell, is supported parallel to the end plates 2 and 4 by vsymmetricaly placed supportingstuds 1 and 9. Ports IO and I I through the shell l'permit studs I and 9 to pass therethrough without making contact with the shell,-and. toengage insulating blocks I2, fixed to shell I by brackets i I4, which serve to support the cathode .plate 6 in fixed position relative to the shell I. Cathode plate 6 is centrally perforated bypassagel 5, and further passages I6 are symmetrically disposed thereabout.

An anode plate I! is fixed between and parallel to the ends 2 and 4, soldered or otherwise suitably connected and attached to shell I. Apertures l 9 are symmetrically disposed therethrough; in Figs. 1 and -2-,* these apertures are-shown in registry with apertures Iiiv through-the cathode platefi. This arrangement is optional, as is the position of the apertures I6 in the-cathode ground is plate 6.

Inthe embodiment of my'invention shown in Figs. 1 and 2, I have made-use of one vacuum tuba as-theoscil-lation generator; the tube shown is a triode with heater-cathode, known --to the-trade as the acorn type, which is pe- --euliarly adapted by reason of its low internal capacity, low transit time; and short, well spaced leads tooperation-on-wavelengths down to 0.5

meter. -'-Connection is madeto the leads by a 'special'clip type of terminal. Lead and clip 2! connect-the anode toanodeplate I1. The cathode fplatefi-is connected to thecathode terminal by lead -22. Leads 24-and 25'supply current to the h-eater. The necessary-current is carried into the-shell'by' a--tw-isted pair of wires 2*5, which connect to a pair of flat copper strips 21 separated from thepathodeplate-Shy mica spacers 12.9;[one of thestrips-ZI is connected to lead '24! .,and' the'o.ther to' l ead 25. The strips Z'I-form a .radioefrequencyby-pass to the cathode plate 8. lil'nd plate): is perforated to permit entrance of grid lead 3.8,which is centrally positioned by a pair, ofcppper plates .31 fixedly held by bolts 32 relative toend 2, but insulated therefrom by mica ,sheet"sj33. The, copper plates 3| form a capacitive connection between the grid circuit and the end{plate 2 of the shell, although conductive con- .nection is prevented by the mica sheets 33. Lead :Z3 4 c.onnects,shell I toan external anode poten- ,.tialsource,,and lead 35, connected tosupporting .;stu'd, .9,-supplies the .neg-ativereturn from that .source to the cathode.

Anaperture 36 may be. formed throughshell ,and a loop 31, inserted through it, forreasons later to be explained. It will be apparent .to those -...slr illed in the ,art that the,acorn tube could be .replaced .byany other suitable type of generator capable ofproducingoscillations of the frequency oft-the resonant system. The means and method ,,of transferring energy from thegenerator to the .,,.interior of the resonant chamber is, of. course,

a part of my invention.

-While Lhave shown the oscillation generator inside the shell, it is also possible tonmount it out side, and operate the .circuitin similar fashion. .In various embodiments such external mounting may .be advantageous in: providing. bettergcooling.facilities, greaterease of mounting, on-different arrangements of the plates within the shell. The form of'theanode andcathode plates ,may be modified greatlypin some cases a. wire loop is suiiicient, ancl many ptherqmodifications in form may be made within the scope of the Fig. 3 shows schematically the connections for I operation. A battery 39 or other constant poten- --.tial scurce.0f. ,direct current is so connected to leads, 34 and 35 as to place a. positive potential on; the .anode of tube 20. An alternating current transformer;connected to the twisted pair of leads 26, supplies the heater current. Grid bias is=sobtainedfrornthe drop across a resistor 4! connected between cathode plate 5 and grid lead .538: Or,- tubes may be operated in parallel, and

1 t is coupled to. thegrid by the capacitance be- .tween..plates .3l and end plate 2. The direct current return connection to the cathode is pro- .videdthrougha closed inductive loop composed ..of.-.1ead=.3i3, resistorAI supplying the'grid bias, and :thecathode plate t. 1A Cibattery might be'substituted'for the resistor 4|, and-,be deemed equiv- .alent thereto. :ZThe.-.radio frequency-current between cathode andgrid :through the .inductance loop includingpla te fi and shell I is.accompl-ished by thecapacitive connection between. end plate 2 and cathodeplate-sfi. The circuit between cathodewand grideither by Way of resistor 4-I or'b-y. way of shell I encloses exactly the. same lines of force.

coupled path.

.By .virtueaof the blocking-condenser.action \of these capacitances,. a path is provided for leading .anodeand grid potentialsv to the tube. without passing throughthe main inductance, and with- =.out setting. up circulating currents in'the loop formed by the parallel paths, since the same num- .ber voflinesof forceare. enclosed by both.

With the embodiment shown .in Figs. 1 to 3,,as

with any closedshell, oscillations may .be set up in the circuit at a number of resonant frequency points but there will be no radiation from .the

,closed shell, in. spite of, the fact that the physical dimensions may be of j the order. of .the wavelengths produced by the. frequency ofoscillation. That this is possible-maybe.seen.from certain i considerations.

Assume that the closed conducting surface depth.

vary in accord withMaxwells equations, which in free spacesimplify to where E is ,the.s.tren th,;.of .theelectricufield; B

is the strength of the magnetic field, and c is a constant.

These may be changed by standard transformotions to the form A E-E=c 2 and an equivalent equation for B.

Assuming that the equations are to be applied to a wave of a single radian frequency w, the wave number may be introduced into Equation 2, which becomes The above equations apply strictly to the conditions in free space. If a conductor is present,

Equations 1-3 must be supplemented by adding terms involving charges and currents. In the present case, these terms may be taken into account by requiring that E satisfy certain boundary conditions as well as Equation 3. Assuming a thin closed surface of infinite conductivity, Equation 3 must hold inside and outside of the surface, and the tangential component of E must be zero on that surface.

When Equation 3 is applied to wave motion in free space, any value of K is possible, but when boundary conditions are imposed, only certain discrete values of K will be compatible with those conditions. For example, for any value of Z and m a solution of Maxwells equations is If a cubical shell of zero resistance and side a is considered, for solutions good inside the shell, the boundary conditions require that,'assuming one corner of the cube at the origin,

Ez=0, at 1::0, a and y-=0, a (5) To satisfy this limitation, certain values of Z .and m must be used such that I z= and m= (6) where n, n'=1, 2, 3 fixed, with the frequency This assumes that the shell is a perfect conductor. With a finite resistance, the allowed frequencies will be shifted slightly, and the oscillations damped exponentially.

Any closed box will have a set of frequencies at which it may oscillate; for certain simple shapes, analyses similar in general form to that given above for the cube, may be made. For spheres, the analysis may be carried out by the use of functions developed by Mie and Debye; for cylinders, by combination of 'Bessels functions developed by the inventor and James G. Beckerley; comparable analyses may also be carried out with shapes determined by holding constant various coordinates in any of the separable systems of Stackel.

The separable systems of Stackel are orthogonal and accordingly K is confocal with an ellipsoid of revolution.

6 systems of confocal quadric surfaces. These systems are well known in the field of mathematical literature, examples of which are:

(l) Comptes Rendus, vol. 116 (1893), page 485.

(2) Mathematische Armalen, vol. 54 (1901), page 86.

(3) Mathematische Annalen, vol. 98 (1928), page 749.

(4) Annals of Mathematics, vol. 35 (1934), page 284.

(5) Courant-Hilbert, Methoden der Mathematischen Physik, I, pages 275-279.

(6) Darboux, Lecons sur les Systemes Orthogonaux et les Coordoones Curviliques, especially livre II, chap. III, IV, and V.

These mathematical systems, although well known as means for the delineation of a wide range of geometrical forms, have not heretofore been used in the computation of resonant circuits. Inasmuch as a complete mathematical discussion of the orthogonal systems can be found in the mathematical literature it is sufficient for present purposes to indicate some simple examples applicable to the computation and design of practical embodiments of this invention.

One convenient system is that described by a pair of hyperbolae of revolution intersecting and This system develop-s enclosures that resemble a barrel with the ends dented in. The dented ends are hyperbolae confocal with the ellipsoid of which the side of a barrel is a. sector. This system may be varied between two easily described limits. One limit is that in which the two foci become coincident and thus become the center of a hollow sphere with reentrant sections of conical shape meeting in the two conical apexes at the center of the sphere. In other Words the barrel side has become a sector of a sphere and the dented ends have been formed into cones whose apexes meet at the center of the spherical barrel. The other limit is that in which the foci have been separated by an infinite distance, in which case the sides of the ellipsoid are straight and the intersecting section of the hyperboloids are flat. This produces a right circular cylinder as shown in Fig. l in which the cylindrical shell I is a section of an ellipsoid and the flat ends 2 and 4 are sections of hyperboloids.

Similarly the cube is a limiting case of intersecting confocal superposed hyperboloids and ellipsoids. The sphere is a special case of one system.

All the forms of my invention derivable in coordinates of the Stackel systems are subject to exact mathematical computation, although some of them present considerable practical difficulties in the complete exact solutions. However, it is entirely feasible to compute a configuration approximating any practical form ordinarily desired. For example, exact computations can be made of the properties of the limiting case of the barrelshaped form in which the side is spherical and the ends are reentrant cones. Then exact computations can be made of the same form in which the foci have been separated so the reentrant hyperbolic barrel ends reach well into the barrel but do not touch, for example, one-fourth the way from each end. The two computations then will give results between which a practical intermediate form can be estimated.

Obviously the mathematically derived forms will but rarely be the precise form desired for sions. usually considered in resonant circuits: i. e.,

-=-manufacture.' The sharp edges of intersection of the mathematical surfaces .will-berounded for spinning in'sheet metal, although for forms closed by rolling as. may Joe. done withmetal rcan. ma-

chines the edges may havesquarecorners.

The references to the Stackel systems aremade primarily forv convenience in computation. .The practical configuration of the inventionmay be of any form whatever. For example, thev limiting Stackel form of the right circular cylinder. may be deformed by making the ends reentrant and of any convenient shape, keepingthe-sides straight for convenience in manufacture. .By computing a series of dimensioned S'tackel configurations, it will be immediately apparent thattheelectrical properties will vary in accordance with the dimen- The following properties are the ones natural frequency, shunt impedance, ratio of reactance to resistance, etc. 'Accordingly, it isobvious-that any range of adjustment of any of the properties, can be had by changing the shape of the chamber.

In the case of a sphere, the most simple fields and the lowest frequency radiations may be shown to occur with wavelengths of 1.401 and 2.301, where r is the radius of the sphere. These values maybe derived from the vector wave equations inspherical coordinates, all-possible non-infinite .-solutions of which are given by:

A2, 1, m='KA '(r, 5, 1pm) (3) and I A3, Z, m 'KAA2, l, m (9) where v 1 =tJ. K Pg 5 T) 7 8 and Letting Equation 8 or- 9 represent the field E,

the problem is resolved into finding K-and hence wyvalues which will make the tangential. compo- :nent vanish at the conducting surface. This invol-ves findingthe roots .ofa certain combination of Bessels functions. There are an infinite number' of such roots, but the simplest one corresponds to only one nod'alzsurface' for E, at'the conductingboundary, and it is this-mode of oscillation that would normally be used.

For the. function vA2 oflEquation 8, the-wavelength is given by the relation \=1.40r, and oscillations are. produced within thesphere" in' the -:mode of Fig. 4, wherein the arrows represent the direction and relative magnitude of the magnetic field B, and the dots represent the electrostatic :field' E, lines of which run parallel-to the equator. The graphs of- Fig. 4- showthe variations-of Eand B-plotted along the equatorial .p'lane against the radius P... with the origin at the center oft-he sphere.

The function As of Equation 9 involves the value .=2.30r, and the oscillations occur with avoltage and field distributionisuchas that/shown" in Fig. 5, where the arrows represent. thedire'ction of the electrostatic field and the dots representthe points of greatest intensity of magneticfield,

.. which runs paralleltorthe equator. The accompanying graphs ShOWsE :an'd B-agfain plotted equatorially against the radius-R,- wi-th origin at .the center of the sphere.

1 With a-circularly cylindrical. sh'ell the-twdsim- *plest modes" or. oscillation occur as shown .inFig..,6,

with a wavelength \=2.62r and Fig. '7 with where r=radius and H=height of the shell.

In Fig. 6, the field relations areshown for the method of oscillation used in the embodiment of Figs. 1 and 2. The arrows represent the direcshell.

In Fig. 7 the arrows represent the direction of the magnetic'field, and the dots represent the electric'field, which runs around the shell horizontally. The curves are plotted on the horizontalmidp'lane of the cylindrical shell, The arrangement of the shell and tube for oscillation 'i'n'the manner of Fig. '7 is shown schematically in Fig. 8. In this case, the dividing partitions are inserted parallel to the axis of the cylindrical container rather than normal thereto. The dotted lines indicate the method of inserting additional tubes for parallel operation to increase the power output. The connecting leads must be kept at right angles to the electric field, but may be otherwise arranged at will.

The mode of oscillation may be changed by varying the position and arrangement of the leads and tubes, and since there are an infinite number of discrete resonance frequencies possible in a closed container, the tubes and connecting leads may be so inserted as to excite any desired mode of oscillation.

There is in general a discontinuity of the magnetic field at the inner surface of the conductor, which implies a current sheet there. The power lost in maintaining this currentsheetis proportional to the squar of the field strength, the square motor the resistivity (inversely to the square root of the conductivity), and the power of the wavelength. The latter factor. is due to the fact thatif the size of the shell is doubled to -i double A, the area is multiplied four times and the skin depth. increased by V3, so raising the losses by V or 2 The losses are given to order of-magnitudein u s 20am ergs/sec. by P= where 'E=fieldstrength in electrostatic volts,

-=wave length in cm.

=lr=conductivity=5.14 10 for the copper shell used.

magnetic. field-to the energy lost per half cycle.

This numberis independent of. the field strength and is thequanti-ty which plays the same role for the present type of oscillating circuit that plays in ordinary circuits. In fact one easily finds that energy in inductance at peak of cycle 7r energy lost per cycle tion of my invention as an energy field, together with its associated currents and material boundary. A comparison of the mathematical statement given above, with corresponding statements applicable to the prior art, will clearly distinguish my invention from other resonant devices and shielding arrangements that might be confused with it because of apparent external resemblances.

Having shown thus that it is possible to produce oscillations at various desired resonant frequencies and high efliciencies, various embodiments will now be described for the useful application of the ultra high-frequency currents produced.

If it is desired to utilize the resonant circuit as a power source for radio transmission, an aperture, as 36 in Fig. 1, may be made in the shell I, and a loop 31 inserted to link the fields, thereby producing a current in the loop which may be fed directly to an antenna system. The size, shape, and position of the loop may be varied in-accord with the mode of oscillation used.

The fields produced are not only useful in providing circulating currents, but by proper construction, they may be used to accelerate electrons for various purposes, as shown in Figs. 10 and 11.

In Figs. 10 and 11, I have shown schematically a cylindrical shell 49 within an airtight envelope 55 having suitably apertured cathode and anode plates 6 and i1 therein, and centrally apertured end plates 50, set between two pairs of electro-magnets 5| and 52 arranged to concentrate a magnetic field close to the central axis of and at either end of said cylinder and normal thereto. Free electrons directed by suitable emitting means 55' into the central portion of shell 49, are accelerated by the electric component of an intense oscillating electromagnetic field built up by the oscillators 53. The electric component of this field is most intense at the center of member 49 and extends from end to end of this member, within the same. If sufficient accelerating potential is available, a single passage across the shell may sufiice to give the desired electron velocity. If a greater velocity is desired, or the accelerating potential is low, the electron may be caused to reverse its direction of travel each half cycle, and travel back and forth until the desired velocity is obtained, as indicated schematically by the arrows. If the electrons enter the chamber with an initial velocity of several hundred thousand volts, the velocity is so large a percentage of the speed of light that further energy additions do not increase the speed markedly since no electron can exceed the velocity of light, and the electrons may be passed back and forth, gaining energy each half cycle, without getting out of phase with the oscillating field. These reversals of di- 10 rection are accomplished by passing the electrons into the field of magnets 5| and 52 in a direction normal thereto, see Fig. 11, whereupon they are diverted from their paths in a direction perpendicular to both path and field, and caused to return in the opposite direction. The dimensions of the resonant circuit shell 49 and the distances between the reversing magnets 5| and 52 are determined by the frequency of oscillation of the system and the velocity of the electrons. The distance between magnets 51 and 52 should be substantially that traversed in one-half period of oscillation of the system by an electron of velocity corresponding to the voltage by which it has been accelerated. The intervals spent by-the electrons outside of the oscillating field, that is,

exterior of the chamber, which intervals-are. de-

termined by the strength and location of the magnets 5| and 52, are controllable at will, so that the electrons on all passages through the oscillating field will enter in the proper phase relation to continue the desired change in velocity. Further, it will be noted that, while the flight time of the electrons in passing through the resonant chamber is decreasing with each additional passage, it will also be noted that as the electrons speed up their curved paths at each reversal of direction becomes larger in diameter and if the electron velocity is a considerable fraction of the velocity of light, the time spent in making this curved path is increasing, and can be made to produce a first order compensation of the decrease in time in the rest of the path. Hence, it is possible to make a number of transits before an appreciable phase error develops.

By properly arranging the fields the electrons may be permitted to leave the accelerating chamber after developing a certain desired velocity, the electrons passing below magnets 52 and being shot into a chamber 54 for any desired use.

In Fig. 12 I have indicated that an oscillator 50 arranged to develop high velocity electrons may be so placed within an envelope 53', as to direct a stream of said electrons upon a suitable anode 46 to develop X-rays of great penetrating power, for producing X-ray for cancer treatment, or for other desired purposes.

A number of modifications of the embodiments described, all Within the scope of the appended claims, will occur to those skilled in the art.

It is apparent that the envelope 53' shown in Fig. 12 may be evacuated to any desired degree, and the envelopes of tubes 53 may be removed. This may be extended to the design of Figs. 1 and 2, and to other embodiments, particularly those utilizing large amounts of power, and the tubeelements may be freely modified and simplified without regard to conventional limitations resulting from the necessity of maintaining a vacuum and providing supporting and connecting leads within a closely associated envelope. It is also apparent that I may utilize the oscillating fields within a closed conducting shell to heat inorganic matter, both conducting and non-conducting, as well as organic, the device then constituting an ultra high-frequency induction furnace. It is also apparent that suitable modifications of my oscillating circuit will permit it to be used as an amplifier.

For a complete understanding of this invention it should be emphasized that it is concerned primarily with the dilineation of a confined oscil lating electromagnetic field and the transfer- 0f:

energy into or out of saidfield; The geometrical form of the apparatus and of the electromagnetic field bounded and delineated thereby is ofr secondar'yi-mportance, particularly in view of the variety of mecha-nicalshapes-of shielded electromagnetic circuits known in'th'e prior art. What is important is the mode of oscillation of the confined electromagnetic field and the: corresponding arrangements for sustaining and usingsaid field.

In particular, three arrangements are used for transferring energy into or out of the confined oscillating field. These are the inductive coupling loop 37", and the capacitive coupling plate 6 shown in'Fig; 1, and the beam of electrons projected through" the field shown in Fig. 10. The inductive coupling loop 31 is placed in the field so as to interlink a quantity of lines of magnetic flux.

The capacitive coupling plate 6 is placed in the field where it will intercept the desired electric flux, and. the beam of electrons'of Fig. 10 is projected through the field in a direction and location such that the' electric fiel'd'will' either acceler'ate or decelerate the electrons. Obviously, all of these three arrangements for energy coupling to the electromagnetic field may be used equally Well for delivering energy to the field or for taking. energy from the field inasmuch as the direction of energy flow relative to the circuit is dependent merely upon the phase relationship of the several voltages, currents, and fields concerned in theenergy transfer.

The inductive loop is efiective only to. the extent to which it interlinks magnetic flux of the resonant field. In this. connection it will be noted that conductors are not ordinarilycarried en'- tirely through the resonant field for coupling. The reason for thisis evident from Figs; Band 7 for example. In Fig. 6 a conductor carried through the center of the resonant circular cylinder. from top to bottom would, in principle, with its external connections interlink. all the magnetic flux of theenclosed field and the coupling would apparently be a maximum. If the conductor carried through did not lieon the center line, but wereformed intoa looptreaching into. the magnetic flux toward either edge of thecontainer the result would. be a decrease in the coupling because r some of the magnetic flux. would notbe interlinked with the.coupling circuit with the consequent cancellation of an amount of fiux equivalent to the fiux which is included twice; Thus, for small. coefficients of coupling with a conductor carriedthrough the center structure, the conductor must be formed" into a large loop with consequent disadvantages of distributed capacitance and high resistance; Accordingly inductive coupling is made as shown by loop 37 inFig'I. In this arrangement the smaller the loop in general the lesser the coupling.

Further, regarding the conductor carried through the center of 'an enclosed field of the form shownin Fig; 7, itwill be seen that such an arrangement will have zero coupling inasmuch as the magnetic flux is confined to regions which are not magnetically'interlinkedwiththe conductor. Coupling in a. field of this form isyhowev'emmade conveniently by meansof a coupling loop as indicated by 31 in Fig. 1, b'utrotated'QO degrees from the position shown in Fig; 1. In general, for any mode of oscillation of the confined fieldacoupli'ng loop 31 inserted through;- the wall of theenclosing surface l'as shown in enclosing member Fig. 1:- either in-rthe orientation: shown orsin quad-'- rature therewith will accomplish efiectivecoup ling.

Similarly in the use of capacitive. coupling elements, such elements for maximum effect are would short circuit the electric flux in certainregions.

one comparatively small in comparison with the" A proper capacitive element would be structure as a. whole placed in a region in Which the electric flux: is in one direction only. Properlocations would be-anywhere perpendicular .to

' the circular solid lines representing electric flux in coupling an electron beam. into the enclosed el'ectro mag'netic field as shown in Fig. 10, a condition that should be fulfilled for best results is that the electrons should pass through the field in one-hall? period of oscillationpr'less. Efiective results are obtained with a time of transit of the order of a tenth of a period or less. Obviously, the transfer of energy between the electrons and the field will take place in any geometrical form of field although for some arrangements itis-desirable'to have the'field comparatively intense and uniform in the region through which the electrons are projected. These conditions are easily attained using. the geometrical delineations of electromagnetic field described above in reference to the StackeI systemsof surfaces. Other desirableforms, however, are obviously derivable from the form shown in Fig. .10.

What is claimed is:

1. Means for producing high electron velocities, comprising a substantially closed conducting member providing a chamber therein.= means for setting up a confined high-frequency standing electromagnetic field within said chamber resonant at the naturalfrequency of said member, means-forintroducing electrons into said chamher in suchtposition. that saidfield will accelerate said electrons duringtheir passage through said member, and means for reversing the direction of travel of said electronsv for passage in the-reverse direction through said chamber while retaining said electrons-in proper phasal relation with: said standing field: such that the electrons will continue to absorb: energy therefrom, saidv electrons leavingsaid chamber when.- a desired high velocity has been attained.

2. Means for altering thevelocity of electrons. while in flight comprising a hollow internally resonant conducting cavity member, means for producing standing electromagnetic waves therein resonant at the natural frequency of said member,: and means for projecting electronsmagnetic-waves except when. the phase of said 13 system of electromagnetic waves is correct for giving the electrons the desired acceleration.

4. In a device of the character described, a hollow substantially closed conducting member arranged to contain a standing electromagnetic field, means for setting up a standing electromagnetic field therein resonant at the natural -frequency of said member, means for projecting a stream of electrons through the field for altering the velocity of the electrons composing the stream, and means for reversing the electrons after their passage through the field for efiecting another passage of the electrons therethrough to further alter the velocityoi the electrons composing the stream, the field being of such dimensions and said reversing means so located with respect thereto, that the electrons reenter the field in the proper phase to effect continued change in their velocity in the same sense as that obtaining during their first transit through the field.

5. Means for producing electrons of uniformly high velocity comprising an electrical converter, a hollow resonator, means for coupling said converter to said resonator for setting up confined standing electromagnetic waves therein, and means for passing a stream of electrons through said resonator in the general direction of the electric component of said waves for efi'ecting changes in the velocity of the electrons of said stream.

6. Means for producing electrons of uniformly high velocity comprising an electrical converter, a hollow resonator containing said converter, means for coupling said converter to said resonator for establishing standing electromagnetic waves resonant therein, and means for repeatedly passing a stream of electrons through said resonator in the general direction of the electric component of said waves for effecting changes in the velocity of the electrons of said stream.

7. In a device of the character described, the combination of means producing an electron beam and a substantially closed conducting member providing chamber constituting a resonant circuit having a standing electromagnetic field therewithin, said member having electronpermeable walls through which the electron beam passes for control purposes.

8. High frequency apparatus comprising a hollow internally resonant conducting cavity member, means for producing standing electromagnetic waves therein of the natural frequency of said member, means for projecting electrons through said member to be acted upon by the standing waves within said member and thereafter beyond said member, and means for reversing the electrons after their passage beyond said member and returning them through said member for further interaction with said waves.

9. High frequency apparatus comprising a hollow internally resonant conducting cavity member adapted to contain standing electromag netic Waves therein resonant at the natural frequency of said member, means for projecting electrons through said member to be acted upon by the standing waves within said member and thereafter beyond said member, and means for reversing said electrons after their passage beyond said member and for returning them for another passage therethrough for further interaction with said standin waves.

1 10. High frequency apparatus comprising a hollow substantially closed conducting member adapted to contain a standing electromagnetic field therein resonant at the natural frequency of said member, means for projecting a stream of electrons through said field for altering the velocity of the electrons of said stream, and means for reversing said electrons after their passage through said field for effecting another passage of said electrons therethrough for fur ther interaction with said field.

11. High frequency apparatus comprising means for producing an electron beam, a substantially closed conducting member providing a chamber constituting a resonant circuit for a standing electromagnetic field therewithin, said member having a pair of electron-permeable walls through which the electron beam passes for control purposes, and means for reversing the fiow of said electrons to cause them to re-enter said member for further interaction with said field.

12. The method of producing high electron velocities comprising the steps of producing a confined and sharply bounded standing electromagnetic field, introducing electrons into said field in such position that said field will accelerate said electrons during their passage therethrough, and reversing the direction of travel of said electrons to pass in the reverse direction through said field, while retaining said electrons in proper phasal relation in said field so that electrons will continue to absorb energy therefrom.

13. The method of controlling an electron stream comprising the steps of producing an enclosed standing electromagnetic field, projecting a stream of electrons through said field for altering the velocity of electrons composing said stream, and reversing said electrons after their passage through said field to effect another passage therethrough to further alter the velocity of the electrons composing said stream.

14. The method of controlling an electron stream comprising the steps of setting up a high standing electromagnetic field, passing a stream of electrons through said field in the direction of the electric component of said field for effecting changes in the velocity of said stream, reversing the electrons after their passage through said field, and returning said reversed electrons through said field in the direction of the electric component of said field.

15. The method of controlling an electron stream comprising the steps of establishing a standing resonant electromagnetic field and repeatedly passing a stream of electrons through said field in the general direction of the electric component of said field.

16. A method of operating upon an electron stream comprising the steps of projecting electrons through a standing electromagnetic field to be acted upon thereby and thereafter beyond said field, and reversing said electrons after their passage through said field and returning them through said field for further interaction therewith.

1'7. High-frequency apparatus comprising a source of electrons, a substantially closed conducting member providing a resonant chamber adapted to contain a standing electromagnetic field therewithin, said member having a pair of electron-permeable walls aligned with said source, and an electron reverser aligned with said walls and source on the side of said member opposite said source and adapted to reverse the fiow of electrons from said source through said walls to cause them to re-enter said member for further interaction with the field therewithin.

1, 18. =Meanswforialtering-the velocity-ofelectrons :while in flight, comprising a-11o11o,w, internally resonant, conducting cavity :mem'ber, an'exciter coupled tosaid'cavity-"member for producing standingelectromagnetic waves therein resonant ".at 'the natural frequency of said 'member, and

an electron projector for v passing electrons through said member to be 'actediupon -by the rstanding waves withinsaid cavity member.

i 19.=Means for' altering the'velocity of electrons 1o whfle in flight, comprising-a hollow internally "resonant conducting cavity member adapted to acontain standing electromagnetic Waves therein "resonantntwt-he natural frequencyof said mem- Mber, anduamelectron projectonoutside said =mem- :16 bar for, projecting electrons therethrough, whereby said electrons Me -noted upon-by the stand- King waveewithin .said cavity member toalter their velocity.

WILLIAM- W. HANSEN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of reco'rd' in 'the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number *Name I :Date

2,009,457 Sloan :Ju1 y 30,1935 2128332 vDa'llenbach '-=Aug. 30,. 193.8 

